[reporting verb]state as a fact; assert strongly and publicly
肯定；断言，声明
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[with obj.]
he affirmed the country's commitment to peace 他声明该国对和平的承诺
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[with clause]
they affirmed that policies were to be judged by their contribution to social justice 他们声称各项政策要由它们对社会正义的作用效果来检验
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[with direct speech]
‘Pessimism ,’ she affirmed , ‘is the most rational view.’ “悲观主义，”她断言道，“是最为理性的观点。
[with obj.]declare one's support for; uphold; defend
宣称拥护；支持；为…辩护
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the referendum affirmed the republic's right to secede .公民投票支持共和国退出的权利。
[with obj.]
【律】 接受，认可（判决，协议）；批准。
[no obj.]
【律】 不宣誓而提供正式证词。
[with obj.]offer (someone) emotional support or encouragement
给予（某人）情感支持（或鼓励）
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there are five common ways parents fail to affirm their children 通常有五种情况家长做不到去肯定孩子
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good teachers know that students need to be both affirmed and challenged .优秀的教师懂得学生既需要正面肯定又需要受到质疑。
"Middle English （in the sense ‘make firm’）： via Old French from Latin
